Journey through artistic eras depicting dreams, sleep, and its disorders / Viagem por eras artísticas retratando sonhos, sono e seus transtornos

This narrative review presents a comprehensive examination of artistic periods since the Renaissance, paralleling the evolution of neurology and pictorial artistic expression about sleep, ending with the importance of the contemporary digital era. Over the centuries, artists have been drawn to the enigmatic themes of dreams, sleep, and their disorders, using them to explore the complexities of the human condition, emotions, and the interaction between reality and imagination. Thus, drawing references from diverse artistic eras, including their pictorial representations of sleep, alongside milestones in the history of neurology, this study reveals a rich interconnectivity between art, neurological advances, and social change.

Esta revisão narrativa apresenta um exame abrangente dos períodos artísticos desde o Renascimento, em paralelo com a evolução da neurologia e a expressão artística pictórica sobre o sono, terminando com a importância da era digital contemporânea. Ao longo dos séculos, os artistas foram atraídos pelos temas enigmáticos dos sonhos, do sono e dos seus distúrbios, aproveitando-os para explorar as complexidades da condição humana, das emoções e da interação entre a realidade e a imaginação. Assim, extraindo referências de diversas épocas artísticas, incluindo suas representações pictóricas do sono, paralelamente a marcos na história da neurologia, este estudo revela uma rica interconectividade entre arte, avanços neurológicos e mudanças sociais.

Twenty-four hours stay after colorectal surgery: a systematic review

Introduction: The introduction of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery led to increasing twenty-four hours discharge pathways, for example in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and bariatric surgery. However, implementation in colorectal surgery still must set off. This systematic review assesses safety and feasibility of twenty-four hours discharge in colorectal surgery in terms of readmission and complications in current literature. Secondary outcome was identification of factors associated with success of twenty-four hours discharge. Methods: Pubmed and EMBASE databases were searched to identify studies investigating twenty-four hours discharge in colorectal surgery, without restriction of study type. Search strategy included keywords relating to ambulatory management and colorectal surgery. Studies were scored according to MINORS score. Results: Thirteen studies were included in this systematic review, consisting of six prospective and seven retrospective studies. Number of participants of the included prospective studies ranged from 5 to 157. Median success of discharge was 96% in the twenty-four hours discharge group. All prospective studies showed similar readmission and complication rates between twenty-four hours discharge and conventional postoperative management. Factors associated with success of twenty-four hours discharge were low ASA classification, younger age, minimally invasive approach, and relatively shorter operation time. Conclusions: Twenty-four hours discharge in colorectal surgery seems feasible and safe, based on retro- and prospective studies. Careful selection of patients and establishment of a clear and adequate protocol are key items to assure safety and feasibility. Results should be interpreted with caution, due to heterogeneity. To confirm results, an adequately powered prospective randomized study is needed. (AU)

Early mobilization after total hip or knee arthroplasty: a substudy of the POWER. 2 study

Abstract Background Early mobilization after surgery is a cornerstone of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs in total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Our goal was to determine the time to mobilization after this surgery and the factors associated with early mobilization. Methods This was a predefined substudy of the POWER.2 study, a prospective cohort study conducted in patients undergoing THA and TKA at 131 Spanish hospitals. The primary outcome was the time until mobilization after surgery as well as determining those perioperative factors associated with early mobilization after surgery. Results A total of 6093 patients were included. The median time to achieve mobilization after the end of the surgery was 24 hours [16-30]. 4,222 (69.3%) patients moved in ≤ 24 hours after surgery. Local anesthesia [OR = 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72-0.90); p= 0.001], surgery performed in a self-declared ERAS center [OR = 0.57 (95% CI: 0.55-0.60); p< 0.001], mean adherence to ERAS items [OR = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.92-0.93); p< 0.001], and preoperative hemoglobin [OR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98); p< 0.001] were associated with shorter time to mobilization. Conclusions Most THA and TKA patients mobilize in the first postoperative day, early time to mobilization was associated with the compliance with ERAS protocols, preoperative hemoglobin, and local anesthesia, and with the absence of a urinary catheter, surgical drains, epidural analgesia, and postoperative complications. The perioperative elements that are associated with early mobilization are mostly modifiable, so there is room for improvement.

Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with electroacupuncture for rapid recovery after abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) combined with electroacupuncture (EA) on rehabilitation after abdominal surgery.@*METHODS@#A total of 320 patients undergoing abdominal surgery were randomly divided into a combination group (80 cases), a TEAS group (80 cases, 1 case discontinued), an EA group (80 cases, 1 case discontinued) and a control group (80 cases, 1 case discontinued). The patients in the control group received enhance recovery after surgery (ERAS) standardized perioperative management. On the basis of the treatment in the control group, the TEAS group was treated with TEAS at Liangmen (ST 21) and Daheng (SP 15); the EA group was treated with EA at Neiguan (PC 6), Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36), Shangjuxu (ST 37) and Xiajuxu (ST 39); the combination group was treated with TEAS combined with EA, with continuous wave, 2-5 Hz in frequency, and the intensity was tolerable to the patients, 30 min each time, once a day, from the first day after surgery, until the anus resumed spontaneous defecation and the oral intake of solid food was tolerated. The gastrointestinal-2 (GI-2) time, first exhaust time, first defecation time, first tolerance of oral intake of solid food time, time of first get out of bed and hospital stay were observed in all the groups; the pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score and incidence rates of nausea and vomiting 1, 2, 3 days after surgery were compared in all the groups; after treatment, the acceptability of each treatment was evaluated by patients in each group.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the GI-2 time, first exhaust time, first defecation time, first tolerance of oral intake of solid food time were shortened (P<0.05), the VAS scores 2, 3 days after surgery were decreased (P<0.05) in the combination group, the TEAS group and the EA group; those in the combination group were shorter and lower than the TEAS group and the EA group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the time of hospital stay in the combination group, the TEAS group and the EA group were shortened (P<0.05), and that in the combination group was shorter than the TEAS group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#TEAS combined with EA can accelerate the recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients after abdominal surgery, relieve postoperative pain, and shorten hospital stay.

Propuesta de medicina perioperatoria en México: protocolo Enhance Recovery After Surgery aplicada a cesárea / Proposal for perioperative medicine in Mexico: Enhance Recovery After Surgery protocol applied to cesarean section

Resumen: El manejo perioperatorio de los pacientes programados de cirugía electiva está cambiando, dejando atrás la experiencia o los hábitos adquiridos en la práctica. Está demostrado que una rápida recuperación postquirúrgica acorta el tiempo de hospitalización y recuperación, asimismo contribuye a la disminución de complicaciones perioperatorias y costos. Con la creación del protocolo recuperación acelerada después de cirugía (ERAS, por sus siglas en inglés: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery), se desarrolló una combinación de estrategias relacionadas al cuidado del paciente desde el momento en que se decide su intervención quirúrgica hasta el egreso hospitalario. Estas guías basadas en evidencia científica son un conjunto de estrategias multimodales cuyo fundamento se basa en la recuperación temprana de las funciones fisiológicas del paciente. En un principio fueron creadas para cirugías de colon y recto; y posteriormente extrapoladas a diferentes especialidades, siendo incluida en pacientes gineco-obstetras con el beneficio de ir más allá en la mejora de los resultados clínicos, al contar con el potencial de acelerar la recuperación de una paciente obstétrica que está en transición a la maternidad y cuidado del recién nacido. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión de los principales componentes del protocolo ERAS y su aplicación en cirugía cesárea para mejorar la calidad de la atención brindada.

Abstract: The perioperative management of patients scheduled for elective surgery is changing and thus leaving behind the expertise or the habits previously acquired during practice. It has been demonstrated that the quick postsurgical recovery shortens both the time in hospital and recovery, and also contributes to the decrease of perioperative complications and costs. With the creation of the Protocol of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), there came the development of a combination of strategies related to the patient's care; from the moment the surgical intervention is decided to the discharge from hospital. These based on scientific evidence guidelines are a set of multimodal strategies whose foundations rely on the early recovery of the patient's physiological functions. At first the guidelines were created for colon and rectal surgeries, however, they have been transferred to different specialties, including obstetric and gynecological patients, with the benefit of going further in the improvement of clinical results, as it counts on the potential of accelerating the recovery of the obstetrical patient in transition to both motherhood and care to the newborn. The objective of this article is to review the main components of ERAS protocol and its application in the cesarean section surgery so as to enhanced the quality in the provision of care.

Programa para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria en intervenciones electivas de colon / A Program for Improving Postoperative Recovery in Elective Colon Surgeries

Introducción: Los programas de recuperación mejorada después de cirugía constituyen un conjunto de acciones aplicadas al paciente quirúrgico en el período perioperatorio, que se enfoca en reducir el impacto de la cirugía en la respuesta metabólica y endocrina y así lograr una recuperación más temprana de mayor calidad. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la aplicación del protocolo de recuperación mejorada después de la cirugía en procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores electivos del colon. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal y prospectivo con 163 pacientes con indicación de intervenciones quirúrgicas mayores electivas del colon en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", durante el período 2017-2020 y se les aplicó el programa ERAS implementado. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 65,4±13,2 años con predominio del sexo femenino (57,7 por ciento). El 78,5 por ciento de los pacientes toleraban dieta blanda y expulsaban gases o heces por el recto al segundo día de la operación. La estadía posoperatoria promedio fue de 4,9 ± 3,4 días y en pacientes sin complicaciones se redujo a 4,0±1,0 días. La mortalidad reportada fue de un 3,1 por ciento (5 casos). Se complicó el 20,2 por ciento de los pacientes. El 6,7 por ciento de los pacientes requirió reingreso durante los primeros 30 días. Conclusiones: La implementación de un programa para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria de pacientes con intervenciones electivas de colon demuestra resultados satisfactorios y mejora los resultados históricos del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", en cuanto a complicaciones, estadía y mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs are a set of actions applied to the surgical patient in the perioperative period, focusing on reducing the impact of surgery on the metabolic and endocrine response, with the aim of achieving an earlier recovery of higher quality. Objective: To evaluate the results of the application of the enhanced recovery protocol after surgery in elective major surgical procedures of the colon. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was conducted with 163 patients indicated for elective major surgery of the colon at Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras", during the period 2017-2020, and who were applied the implemented ERAS program. Results: The mean age of the patients was 65.4 ± 13.2 years, with a predominance of the female sex (57.7 percent). 78.5 the patients tolerated a soft diet and expelled gases or faces througth the rectum at two days after the operation. The average postoperative stay was 4.9 ± 3.4 days and, in patients without complications, it was reduced to 4.0 ± 1.0 days. Reported mortality was 3.1 percent (five cases). Complications occurred in 20.2 percent of the patients. 6.7 percent of patients required readmission during the first thirty days. Conclusions: The implementation of a program for improving postoperative recovery of patients with elective interventions of the colon shows satisfactory results and improves the historical results of Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" in terms of complications, length of stay and mortality(AU)

Protocolo ERATS en cirugía pulmonar / ERATS Protocol in Pulmonary Surgery

Introducción: Los cuidados perioperatorios estandarizados ayudan a asegurar que todos los pacientes reciban un tratamiento óptimo. Objetivo: Aplicar un método de cuidados perioperatorios multimodales sistemáticos, en pacientes sometidos a cirugía pulmonar mayor. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura relevante, publicada sobre el tema en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Cochrane, además de Medigraph, en idiomas inglés, español y francés. Se hizo énfasis en los artículos de los últimos 5 años, sobre todo estudios aleatorizados, bases de datos institucionales y nacionales, revisiones sistemáticas, metanálisis y programas y protocolos ERAS/ERATS, además de artículos de revisión. Desarrollo: Los estudios obtenidos fueron evaluados por los autores por separado y, más tarde, en conjunto para definir cuáles se ajustaban a los objetivos. El protocolo se dividió en 5 fases: preoperatoria, ingreso hospitalario, preoperatoria inmediata, intraoperatoria, posoperatoria. Para cada una de ellas se definieron las acciones a realizar, según la evidencia disponible. Conclusiones: La implantación del protocolo permitirá pasar de una fase empírica a una investigativa, de manera que se podrán obtener resultados superiores en el tratamiento quirúrgico de los pacientes enrolados en las investigaciones que se realicen(AU)

Introduction: Standardized perioperative care helps ensure that all patients receive optimal treatment. Objective: To apply a method of systematic multimodal perioperative care in patients undergoing major pulmonary surgery. Methods: A narrative review was performed of the relevant literature published on the subject in MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Medigraph databases in English, Spanish, and French. Emphasis was made on articles from the last 5 years, especially randomized studies, institutional and national databases, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and ERAS/ERATS programs and protocols, as well as review articles. Discussion: The studies retrieved were evaluated by the authors separately and, later, together to define which ones met the objectives. The protocol was divided into 5 phases: preoperative, hospital admission, immediate preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. For each of them, the actions to be carried out were defined, according to the available evidence. Conclusions: The implementation of the protocol will allow to go from an empirical phase to an investigative one, so that better results can be obtained in the surgical treatment of patients enrolled in the investigations(AU)

Cirugía mayor abdominal electiva sin descompresión nasogástrica y con apertura precoz de vía oral / Major Elective Abdominal Surgery without Nasogastric Decompression and with Early Opening of the Oral Route

Introducción: La descompresión con sonda nasogástrica y la vía oral cerrada por varios días, ha sido práctica común tras procedimientos quirúrgicos electivos del tracto digestivo. Los programas para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery), aconsejan cambiar esta práctica. Objetivo: Evaluar el cumplimiento y repercusión en la evolución posoperatoria de dos acciones del programa en el retiro de la sonda nasogástrica y la apertura de la vía oral el día de la intervención. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras" de septiembre 2017 a agosto 2020. La muestra fue de 270 pacientes con intervención quirúrgica mayor electiva del colon, hígado, vía biliar o páncreas, a los que se les aplicó el programa para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria. Resultados: En 79,6 por ciento de pacientes, la sonda nasogástrica se retiró en el quirófano tras la intervención y esto se asoció a más rápida recuperación de la función intestinal, menor estadía, complicaciones, reingresos y reintervenciones. En 60 por ciento se inició la vía oral 6 horas después de la cirugía y 79,6 por ciento toleraban dieta blanda a las 48 horas. Estos pacientes presentaron menos complicaciones y mortalidad. Conclusiones: En el contexto de un programa para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria, tras cirugía abdominal electiva, el retiro de la sonda nasogástrica el día de la intervención, con apertura precoz de la vía oral y rápida progresión a dieta blanda, son acciones bien toleradas que repercuten positivamente en la evolución posoperatoria(AU)

Introduction: Nasogastric tube decompression, together with the oral route closed for several days, has been a common practice after elective surgical procedures of the digestive tract. Programs to improve postoperative recovery (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) advise changing this practice. Objective: To assess compliance and impact on postoperative evolution of two program actions for nasogastric tube removal and opening of the oral route on the intervention day. Methods: A prospective study was carried out, from September 2017 to August 2020, in the general surgery service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital. The sample consisted of 270 patients who underwent major elective surgery of the colon, liver, bile duct or pancreas and were applied the program to improve postoperative recovery. Results: In 79.6 percent of patients, the nasogastric tube was removed in the operating room after the intervention, a fact associated with faster recovery of intestinal function, shorter stay, as well as fewer complications, readmissions and reinterventions. In 60 percent of the patients, the oral route was started at six hours after surgery, while 79.6 percent of them tolerated a soft diet at 48 hours. These patients presented fewer complications and mortality. Conclusions: In the context of a program to improve postoperative recovery after elective abdominal surgery, nasogastric tube removal on the intervention day, with early opening of the oral route and rapid progression to a soft diet, are well-tolerated actions that have a positive effect on postoperative evolution(AU)

Propuesta de protocolo ERAS en cirugía esofágica / An ERAS Protocol Proposal after Esophageal Surger

La rehabilitación multimodal constituye un conjunto de medidas perioperatorias que sustituye prácticas tradicionales. Su implementación está fundada en criterios de medicina basada en la evidencia. El objetivo del artículo es implementar el protocolo ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) por sus siglas en inglés, en la cirugía esofágica electiva por cáncer. Se tuvo en cuenta como documento base el protocolo ERAS del servicio. Se apoyó en la sistemática revisión de la evidencia. Se amplió la búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Biblioteca Cochrane Plus (Cochrane Library) y Medline desde el 2000 hasta 2018. Las medidas a aplicar se dividen en 3 bloques: preoperatorio, perioperatorio y postoperatorio. Su conjunto da lugar al documento de consenso que integra todas las medidas. La aplicación de protocolos de rehabilitación multimodal en cirugía esofágica reducirá la morbimortalidad postoperatoria, la estancia y los costes hospitalarios(AU)

Multimodal rehabilitation involves a set of perioperative measures that substitutes traditional practices. Its implementation is founded upon evidence-based medicine criteria. The objective of the article is to implement of the ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocol for elective esophageal cancer surgery. The ERAS protocol of the service was taken into account as a base document. It was supported by systematic evidence review. The bibliographic search was broadened in the Cochrane Library and the Medline databases, from 2000 to 2018. The measures to be applied are divided into three blocks: preoperative, perioperative and postoperative. This set gives rise to the consensus document that integrates all the measures. The application of multimodal rehabilitation protocols in esophageal surgery will reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality, hospital stay and costs(AU)

La base científica de los protocolos ERAS® / The Science behind ERAS®

RESUMEN En este artículo se revisan los principios de los protocolos ERAS de recuperación optimizada después de la cirugía y sus raíces en las ciencias médicas, y cómo el grupo de estudio ERAS Study Group y posteriormente ERAS® Society (www.erassociety.org) los crearon. Los protocolos ERAS representan una fórmula para elaborar vías de atención perioperatoria basadas en la literatura médica para los pacientes quirúrgicos. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura médica por parte de grupos de expertos que reúnen los elementos asistenciales con datos científicos que demuestran los efectos beneficiosos para la recuperación. Al reunir múltiples elementos de atención que han demostrado mejorar los resultados, se crea una guía a partir de la cual se puede establecer una vía de atención. Posteriormente, la eficacia de la guía se pone a prueba en la práctica clínica evaluando del cumplimiento de los elementos de atención de la guía relacionados con los desenlaces clínicos relevantes. Muchas recomendaciones de ERAS® Society han demostrado mejorar los resultados en términos de complicaciones y recuperación y alta hospitalaria. Cada vez hay más informes que muestran una asociación entre el mejor cumplimiento de las recomendaciones y la supervivencia a largo plazo después de la cirugía. Otro aspecto de la base científica de los protocolos ERAS son los estudios que sugieren que los efectos clínicos se consiguen modulando varios aspectos de las respuestas al estrés quirúrgico.

ABSTRACT In this paper the principles of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) and how it is rooted in the medical sciences is reviewed and how ERAS has been developed by the ERAS Study Group and later by the ERAS®Society (www.erassociety.org). ERAS represents a formula for developing perioperative care pathways for patients undergoing surgery based on the medical literature. Expert groups review the medical literature and assembles care elements that have scientific data to show beneficial effects for recovery. By assembling multiple care elements all shown to improve outcomes, a Guideline is created from which a care pathway can be built. The Guideline is later tested in clinical practice to evaluate its effectiveness by studying compliance to the guideline care elements related to key clinical outcomes. Several ERAS®Society Guidelines have been proven to improve outcomes both with regard to complications and in hospital recovery and discharge. A growing number of reports are showing an association between improved compliance to guidelines and long term survival after surgery. Another aspect of the science behind ERAS are studies suggesting that the clinical effects are achieved by modulating various aspects of the surgical stress responses.

Programas de Optimización Perioperatoria, Enhanced Recovery y Fast-track: ¿Por qué están en auge? ¿Qué son realmente y cómo se implementan en la práctica? / Perioperative optimization, enhanced recovery and fast-track programs: why are they booming? What are these programs actually and how are they implemented into practice?

RESUMEN Desde 2015 a la fecha, los autores de esta revisión hemos implementado numerosos programas de optimización perioperatoria en Latinoamérica. En el siguiente artículo, presentamos una introducción general a los conceptos de optimización perioperatoria y resumimos nuestra experiencia trabajando en la región. También a lo largo de esta revisión, los lectores podrán encontrar desarrollados los tres elementos centrales de la optimización perioperatoria. En primer lugar, la constitución y los roles dentro un equipo perioperatorio. En segundo término, el registro sistemático y estandarizado de la práctica quirúrgica y sus resultados. Y, por último, la descripción del ciclo de mejoría continua como método de trabajo para ajustar la práctica diaria sobre la base del análisis de datos propios.

ABSTRACT From 2015 to date, the authors of this review have implemented several enhanced recovery periope rative programs in Latin America. In the following article, we present a general introduction to the con cepts of perioperative optimization and summarize our experience working in the region. Throughout this review, readers will also find the three fundamental elements of perioperative optimization. First, the creation and roles of a perioperative team. Second, the systematic and standardized registration of the surgical practice and its outcomes. And finally, the description of the continuous improvement cycle as a working method for adjusting daily practice based on the analysis of one's own data.

Protocolo ERAS® en cirugía colorrectal / ERAS® in Colorectal Surgery

RESUMEN El protocolo de recuperación optimizada Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) en cirugía colo rrectal promueve un retorno más rápido a la función orgánica siguiendo la evidencia de las últimas investigaciones dirigidas a disminuir el estrés quirúrgico. La vía perioperatoria recomendada está per feccionada, es dinámica y se ajusta a las últimas investigaciones basadas en la evidencia para mejorar todos los aspectos de la atención quirúrgica del paciente. En este artículo describiremos los cuatro aspectos de un paciente a quien se le realizará una cirugía colorrectal: preadmisión, preoperatorio, in traoperatorio y posoperatorio El tema recurrente es disminuir el estrés fisiológico general relacionado con la cirugía; para ello, las intervenciones se superponen a lo largo del recorrido que hace el paciente. Utilizando un enfoque multidisciplinario, la adherencia al protocolo ERAS® en cirugía colorrectal cum pliendo con el 70% o más de las intervenciones de ERAS® ha demostrado una reducción del riesgo de muerte relacionada con el cáncer del 42% a los 5 años. Las intervenciones óptimas no solo se determi nan mediante la publicación de investigaciones de alta calidad, sino que la colaboración internacional periódica permite compartir experiencias e investigaciones y estandarizar los cuidados.

ABSTRACT Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) in colorectal surgery is a protocol that promotes quicker return to function. It follows the latest evidence-based research to promote stress reduction related to surgery. The recommended perioperative pathway is fine-tuned, dynamic and in line with the latest evidence-based research to enhance all aspects of the patient's surgical care. We describe the four aspects for a patient undergoing colorectal surgery - pre-admission, pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative. The running theme is to reduce overall physiological stress related to surgery and interventions overlap throughout the patient's pathway. Using a multidisciplinary approach, adheren ce to ERAS® in colorectal surgery with ≥70 % compliance to the ERAS interventions has shown a risk reduction of 5-year cancer-related death by 42%. The optimum interventions are not only determined through the publication of high-quality research, but regular international collaboration enables expe rience and research to be shared and care standardized.

Implementación de un programa ERAS® / Implementation of an ERAS® program

RESUMEN Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) constituye una forma de trabajo que implica la puesta en marcha de medidas de cuidado antes, durante y después de una cirugía con el propósito de mejorar la experiencia del paciente a lo largo del periodo perioperatorio. Sin embargo, la aplicación aislada de medidas determinadas no es suficiente. Esta forma de trabajo requiere la creación de un equipo de trabajo multidisciplinario, el registro sistemático de datos y su utilización para aplicar un ciclo de mejora continua. En el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, se han registrado 1331 pacientes desde no viembre del año 2015. La mediana de internación fue de 4 días y la readmisión de 7,3%. La adherencia global a las medidas del programa fue del 56% (preoperatorio 88%, intraoperatorio 60%, postopera torio 39%). En los procedimientos quirúrgicos más frecuentes pudimos observar una relación lineal e inversamente proporcional entre adherencia al programa y el tiempo de internación, con una dismi nución promedio de un día de internación por cada 10% de adherencia al programa en los procedi mientos quirúrgicos más frecuentes. A pesar de estos resultados, hemos encontrado dificultades en el sistema de registro de datos que limitan la aplicación del ciclo de mejora continua. La conformación de un equipo multidisciplinario, con una comunicación fluida y eficiente es fundamental para la imple mentación de un programa ERAS® que sea capaz de disminuir el tiempo de internación, la morbilidad y el índice de readmisión.

ABSTRACT Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a model of care that involves the implementation of care pathways before, during and after surgery designed to improve patient's experience throughout the perioperative period. Yet, the implementation of individual ERAS protocol elements is not sufficient. This approach requires the creation of a multidisciplinary work team, systematic recording of data and the use of the information recorded to implement a cycle of continuous improvement. Since 2015, 1331 patients have been recorded by Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Median length of hospital stay was 4 days and median readmission rate was 7.3%. The overall adherence to the protocol elements was 56% (88% in the preoperative period, 60% in the intraoperative period and 39% in the postope rative period) There was a linear and inverse correlation between the adherence to the program and length of hospitalization for the most common surgical procedures, with an average decrease of one day of hospitalization for each 10% increase in adherence with the program for the most common sur gical procedures. Despite these results, we have encountered difficulties in the data recording systems limiting the implementation of the cycle of continuous improvement. The creation of a multidiscipli nary team, with fluent and efficient communication, is essential for the implementation of an ERAS® program capable of reducing length of hospital stay, morbidity and readmission rates.

Resultados de una encuesta multicentros sobre recuperación posoperatoria y razones para cambiar prácticas / Results of a multicenter survey on postoperative recovery and reasons for changing practices

Introducción: Los Programas de Recuperación Posoperatoria Mejorada (Enhanced Revovery After Surgery, ERAS, por sus siglas en inglés), también denominados de "rehabilitación multimodal quirúrgica" o "Fast-track" constituyen estrategias perioperatorias para mejorar la recuperación postoperatoria de forma segura. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento y la aplicación práctica de evidencias científicas actuales que sostienen a los programas de Recuperación Posoperatoria Mejorada. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa en 5 servicios de cirugía general de hospitales universitarios de la capital. Se aplicó un cuestionario anónimo a 107 médicos especialistas y residentes de 3er. y 4to. año de la especialidad. Resultados: El 40 por ciento de los encuestados no tenía conocimiento de la existencia de los programas de rehabilitación multimodal. Las evidencias relacionadas con la descompresión naso-gástrica, el ayuno preoperatorio y la preparación mecánica del colon, fueron las menos conocidas, con porcientos de respuestas no acordes a evidencias actuales de 62,2 por ciento, 50,1 por ciento y 50,1 por ciento, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Importantes evidencias científicas actuales en varias acciones claves de la recuperación postoperatoria no son bien conocidas y por ende no han sido incorporadas a la práctica médica(AU)

Introduction: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs, also known as "surgical multimodal rehabilitation" or "fast-track," are perioperative strategies to improve postoperative recovery safely. Objective: To assess the knowledge and practical application of current scientific evidence that supports enhanced postoperative recovery programs. Methods: A qualitative investigation was carried out in five general surgery services of university hospitals in the capital of Cuba. An anonymous questionnaire was applied to 107 specialist physicians, as well as residents from the third and fourth academic years. Results: 40% of the respondents did not have any knowledge about the existence of multimodal rehabilitation programs. The evidences related to nasogastric decompression, preoperative fasting and mechanical preparation of the colon were the least known, with percentages of responses not in accordance with current evidence, being of 62.2 percent, 50.1 percent and 50.1 percent, respectively. Conclusions: Important current scientific evidences concerning several key actions of postoperative recovery are not well known and, therefore, have not been incorporated into medical practice(AU)

Progress on acupuncture intervention for perioperative stress response / 中国针灸

To summarize the application value of acupuncture in perioperative stress response. Perioperative acupuncture can not only effectively relieve pain and stress response during operation, but also relieve psychological stress response represented by preoperative anxiety before operation, and regulate adaptive immune response after operation. Acupuncture, as a safe non-drug therapy, shows its core advantage of participating in the multidisciplinary intervention of enhance recovery after surgery (ERAS). The future studies need to explore and evaluate the role of acupuncture during perioperative period from multiple dimensions, and gradually reveal the mechanism of acupuncture while establishing the evidence-based basis for acupuncture during perioperative period.

Effect of enhanced recovery after surgery on intestinal function and gut microbiota changes in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To study the effect of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) on intestinal function and gut microbiota changes in patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy.Methods:From Aug. 2018 to Dec. 2019, 80 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical D2 gastrectomy for gastric cancer in the first Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital were selected. According to whether it adopts ERAS treatment or not, patients were divided into 2 groups (n=40) : ERAS group and traditional perioperative treatment group. The time of postoperative bowel sounds, the time of first exhaust and defecation, the proportion of antibiotic-related diarrhea and surgical site infection (SSI) were recorded. Stools were collected before operation, first time after operation, 1, 2 weeks and 1 month after operation. 16S rRNA sequencing method was used to identify the diversity and species of gut microbiota. The diversity index of intestinal flora in the perioperative period and changes in the proportion of probiotics (bifidobacterium and lactobacillus) were compared.Results:The appearance time of bowel sounds, the first exhaust and defecation time [ (16.25±6.41) h, (23.95±6.02) h, (34.95±9.34) h] in ERAS group were significantly earlier than those in the traditional treatment group [ (22.3±6.49) h, (28.45±7.12) h, (48.1±15.64) h], and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . The incidence of antibiotic-related diarrhea was higher in the traditional treatment group (3/40) than in ERAS group (1/40) , but the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05) . The ratio of postoperative SSI was slightly higher in ERAS group, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05) . In the perioperative period, the intestinal flora diversity index (Chao1 and Shannon index) and the proportion of probiotics (lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium) were not significantly different between the two groups before surgery ( P>0.05) ; while at the first time, one week, 2 weeks after the operation, and 1 month after the operation, ERAS group was higher than the traditional group ( P<0.05) ; and at each postoperative time point, the traditional group decreased significantly than the ERAS group. The first time decrease was the largest, ( P<0.05) ; With the passage of time after operation, the diversity of intestinal flora and the proportion of probiotics gradually recovered. By 1 month after operation, the two groups did not return to the preoperative gut microbiota diversity state or proportion. Conclusion:The concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) promotes the recovery of intestinal function in patients with gastric cancer, does not reduce the proportion of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) or surgical site infections (SSI) , and maintains the diversity of gut microbiota balance and stability.

Application of enhanced recovery after surgery in abdominal tumor surgery / 中国肿瘤临床

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) represents a transformation to the evidence-based medicine paradigm in perioperative treatment. ERAS aims to reduce recovery time, postoperative complications, and healthcare costs. Here, we review the development and principal components of ERAS along with its application in abdominal tumor surgery. The benefits and feasibility of the ERAS protocol have been demonstrated in clinical practice, particularly in relation to colorectal surgery.

Risk factors for postoperative retention of urinary catheters in patients with lung tumors under concept of enhanced recovery after surgery: A case-control study / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To explore the independent risk factors for postoperative retention of urinary catheters in the ward of lung tumor patients due to urinary retention under the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). Methods    Seventy-five patients with lung tumors who had urinary catheters left in the postoperative ward between June 2019 and August 2019 were selected as a case group, and 75 patients with lung tumors who did not have urinary catheters in the perioperative period as a control group. Independent risk factors for indwelling urinary catheters in the postoperative ward were screened by univariate and multiple-variate logistic stepwise regression analysis. Results    There were 45 males and 30 females in the case group with an average age of 55.33±10.78 years, 28 males and 47 females in the control group with an average age of 57.12±10.06 years. Univariate analysis showed that gender, operative time>2 h, intraoperative fluid volume≥1 200 mL, and fluid volume within 6 h of returning to the ward after surgery>1 200 mL were associated with the occurrence of indwelling urinary catheters in patients with lung tumors in postoperative wards (P<0.05). Multiple-variate logistic regression showed that male (OR=2.311, 95%CI 1.173-4.552, P=0.015), infusion volume within 6 h of returning to the ward after surgery>1 200 mL (OR=2.491, 95%CI 1.149-5.401, P=0.021) and intraoperative infusion volume≥1 200 mL (OR=2.105, 95%CI 1.022-4.340, P=0.044) were independent risk factors for postoperative retention of urinary catheters in patients with lung tumors. Conclusion    The occurrence of indwelling urinary catheter in lung tumor patients under the ERAS concept is the result of a combination of factors, and patients who are male, have infusion volume>1 200 mL within 6 h of returning to the ward after surgery, and have intraoperative infusion volume≥1 200 mL are the high-risk group for postoperative ward indwelling urinary catheter, and health care personnel should strengthen the assessment and observation, provide targeted health education, appropriately control the perioperative fluid volume, and take other measures to reduce the occurrence of indwelling urinary catheters due to urinary retention postoperatively in ward.

Roux-in-y gastrojejunal bypass: which anesthetic technique has best results? / Bypass gastrojejunal em y-de-roux: que técnica anestésica apresenta melhores resultados?

ABSTRACT Background: As the number of bariatric operations increases, there is a greater interest in knowledge, experience and skills in the operative and anesthetic management of obese people. Anesthetic recovery is an important point in the therapeutic approach and less adverse effects delaying discharge of these patients are necessary to be kept in mind by the surgical team. Aim: To compare anesthetic-analgesic techniques in the opioid-sparing era through epidural administration of local anesthetic associated with low-dose morphine vs. clonidine and analyze the impact of analgesia on the effectiveness of postoperative recovery by comparing these two techniques. Methods: Randomized, double-blind clinical trial with 66 patients candidates for Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal bypass divided into two groups: morphine group and clonidine group. Multimodal analgesia included epidural anesthesia with 0.375% ropivacaine 20 ml at the eighth thoracic vertebra with the association of morphine (morphine group) at a dose of 15 mcg / kg or clonidine (clonidine group) at a dose of 1 mcg / kg. Results: The groups were homogeneous and statistical significance was found when analyzing the difference in pain between them in the first postoperative period. The pain was higher in the clonidine group, as in this period, analgesic rescue was also better in this group. In the other times, there was no significance in the differences regarding pain and rescue. The return of intestinal motility in the morphine group was earlier in the first postoperative period. Nausea, vomiting and hospital discharge did not show significant differences between groups. Conclusion: Epidural anesthesia with low-dose morphine allowed less pain during the entire hospital stay, with a positive impact on patient recovery.

RESUMO Racional: Com o aumento do número de operações bariátricas torna-se maior o interesse pelo conhecimento, experiência e habilidades no manejo operatório e anestésico de obesos. A recuperação anestésica é ponto importante na abordagem terapêutica e menos efeitos adversos que retardem a alta são necessários estar em mente da equipe cirúrgica. Objetivo: Comparar técnicas anestésico-analgésicas na era poupadora de opioides através da administração epidural de anestésico local associado à morfina em baixa dose vs. à clonidina e analisar o impacto da analgesia na efetividade da recuperação pós-operatória comparando as duas técnicas. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado e duplo-cego com 66 pacientes candidatos ao bypass gastrojejunal em Y-de-Roux divididos em dois grupos: grupo morfina e grupo clonidina. A analgesia multimodal incluiu na anestesia epidural com ropivacaína 0,375% 20 ml na altura da oitava vértebra torácica a associação de morfina (grupo morfina) em dose de 15 mcg/kg ou de clonidina (grupo clonidina) na dose 1 mcg/kg. Resultados: Os grupos se mostraram homogêneos e foi encontrada significância estatística ao analisar a diferença da dor entre eles no primeiro pós operatório. A dor foi superior no grupo clonidina, como também neste período o resgate analgésico foi melhor neste grupo. Nos demais tempos não houve significância nas diferenças quanto à dor e resgate. O retorno da motilidade intestinal no grupo morfina foi mais precoce no primeiro pós-operatório. Náuseas, vômitos e a alta hospitalar não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Conclusão: A anestesia epidural com morfina em baixa dose permitiu menor dor durante todo internamento com impacto positivo em relação a recuperação dos pacientes.

Recuperación mejorada en cirugía bariátrica, ¿Una verdadera revolución? / Enhanced recovery after surgery, a true revolution?

The ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) program proposes a cultural challenge that implies a change from traditional patient care to an evidence-based care, with the main goal of improving perioperative outcomes. It consists of a multidisciplinary approach with patient centered care, which encompasses preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative care. In bariatric surgery, it has demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of nausea and vomiting, better oral tolerance, a minimized stress response and less insulin resistance. Moreover, it has showed an opioid spearing effect, together with a reduction in hospital length of stay and re-admissions.

El programa ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After surgery) es una propuesta de cambio cultural que integra una migración del cuidado tradicional del paciente a un cuidado basado en la evidencia, con el objetivo de optimizar los outcomes perioperatorios. Propone un abordaje multidisciplinario centrada en el paciente, que abarca los aspectos del preoperatorio, intraoperatorio y posoperatorio; donde el paciente cobra un rol completamente activo en su recuperación. En cirugía bariátrica, ha demostrado disminuir la incidencia de náuseas y vómitos, mayor tolerancia a la vía oral y una minimización de la respuesta al stress como de la resistencia a la insulina. A su vez, ha evidenciado un efecto ahorrador de opioides, una disminución en la estadía hospitalaria y en las readmisiones.